The order of Hindu texts
*वेद - 1. ऋकवेद 2. अथर्ववेद 3.यजुर्वेद 4. सामवेद
*उपनिषद - १. ईश - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद, २. केन - सामवेद, ३. कथा - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद, ४. प्रश्न - अथर्ववेद, ५. मुण्डक - अथर्ववेद, ६. मान्डूक्य - अथर्ववेद, ७. तैत्रेय - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद, ८. एत्रेय - ऋग्वेद, ९. छान्दोग्य - सामवेद, १०. वृहदारण्यक - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद
*पुराण - 1. ब्रह्म पुराण, 2. पद्म पुराण, 3. विष्णु पुराण, 4. शिव पुराण, 5. श्रीमदभागवत पुराण, 6. भविष्य पुराण, 7. नारद पुराण, 8. मार्कंडेय पुराण, 9. अग्नि पुराण, 10. ब्रह्मवैवर्त पुराण, 11. लिंग पुराण, 12. वाराह पुराण, 13. स्कन्ध पुराण, 14. वामन पुराण, 15. कूर्म पुराण, 16. मत्स्य पुराण, 17. गरुड़ पुराण, 18. वायु पुराण.
*उपनिषद - १. ईश - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद, २. केन - सामवेद, ३. कथा - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद, ४. प्रश्न - अथर्ववेद, ५. मुण्डक - अथर्ववेद, ६. मान्डूक्य - अथर्ववेद, ७. तैत्रेय - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद, ८. एत्रेय - ऋग्वेद, ९. छान्दोग्य - सामवेद, १०. वृहदारण्यक - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद
*पुराण - 1. ब्रह्म पुराण, 2. पद्म पुराण, 3. विष्णु पुराण, 4. शिव पुराण, 5. श्रीमदभागवत पुराण, 6. भविष्य पुराण, 7. नारद पुराण, 8. मार्कंडेय पुराण, 9. अग्नि पुराण, 10. ब्रह्मवैवर्त पुराण, 11. लिंग पुराण, 12. वाराह पुराण, 13. स्कन्ध पुराण, 14. वामन पुराण, 15. कूर्म पुराण, 16. मत्स्य पुराण, 17. गरुड़ पुराण, 18. वायु पुराण.
Veda (Primary & Authoritative Scripture)
The Vedas are apaurusheya "not of human agency", are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"). The four Samhitās are metrical (with the exception of prose commentary interspersed in the Krishna Yajurveda). The term samhitā literally means "composition, compilation". The individual verses contained in these compilations are known as mantras. Some selected Vedic mantras are still recited at prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions in contemporary Hinduism.
UpVeda
The term upaveda ("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources. The Charanavyuha mentions four Upavedas: Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharva Veda, Stapatya Veda
Vedanga
The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda") are six auxiliary disciplines traditionally associated with the study and understanding of the Vedas. 1. Shiksha (śiksā): phonetics and phonology (sandhi), 2. Kalpa (kalpa): ritual, 3. Vyakarana (vyākarana): grammar, 4. Nirukta (nirukta): etymology, 5. Chandas (chandas): meter, 6. Jyotisha (jyotisa): astronomy for calendar issues, such as auspicious days for performing sacrifices. Traditionally, vyākarana and nirukta are common to all four Vedas, while each veda has its own śiksā, chandas, kalpa and jyotisa texts. The Vedangas are first mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad (at 1.1.5) as subjects for students of the Vedas. Later, they developed into independent disciplines, each with its own corpus of Sutras.
Samhita
Samhita (Sanskrit saṃhita "joined" or "collected") may refer to" the basic metrical (mantra) text of each of the Vedas, specifically, these texts with sandhi applied.
Aranyaka
The Aranyakas (Sanskrit āranyaka आरण्यक) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas; they were composed in late Vedic Sanskrit typical of the Brahmanas and early Upanishads; indeed, they frequently form part of either the Brahmanas or the Upanishads.
Brahmana
The Brāhmanas (Devanagari: ब्राह्मणम्) are part of the Hindu śruti literature. They are commentaries on the four Vedas, detailing the proper performance of rituals.
Upanishad (Vedanta Darshana)
The Upanishads are mostly the concluding part of the Brahmanas, and the transition from the latter to the former is identified as the Aranyakas. All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition.
Yoga Darshana
Yoga-darsana (the philosophy of Yoga) is based on the exposition of the epistemological, metaphysical, and methodological ideas of an age-long meditative tradition codified in the work of Patanjali and widely known as Yoga Sutras. As distinct from the Tantra and Hatha-Yoga traditions, Yoga-darsana is concerned primarily with acquisition and perpetuation of two states of mind referred to as "collocative" (sapaksa) with Yoga, namely, the state of the onepointed mind (ekāgratā) and the state of the inhibited mental functions (niruddha). The Yoga itself is being equated with samādhi.
Sankhya Darshana
Samkhya, also Sankhya, Sānkhya, or Sāmkhya (Sanskrit: सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya;) is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered as the founder of the Samkhya school, although no historical verification is possible. It is regarded as one of the oldest philosophical systems in India.
Mimamsa Darshana
Mīmāmsā (मीमांसा), a Sanskrit word meaning "investigation", is the name of an astika ("orthodox") school of Hindu philosophy whose primary enquiry is into the nature of dharma based on close hermeneutics of the Vedas. The nature of dharma isn't accessible to reason or observation, and must be inferred from the authority of the revelation contained in the Vedas, which are considered eternal, authorless (apaurusheyatva), and infallible.
Vyesheshika Darsana
Vaisheshika, or Vaiśesika, (Sanskrit:वैशॆषिक) is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy (orthodox Vedic systems) of India. Historically, it has been closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.
Nyaya Darshana
Nyāya (Sanskrit ni-āyá, literally "recursion", used in the sense of "syllogism, inference") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy—specifically the school of logic. The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama
Purana
The Puranas (Sanskrit: पुराण purāna, "of ancient times") are a genre of important Hindu, Jain or Buddhist religious texts, notably consisting of narratives of the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography.
Aagama Shastra
Agama (Sanskrit आगम) means, in the Hindu context, "a traditional doctrine, or system which commands faith". Elaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for worship, construction of temple, and so on.
Smriti
Smriti (Sanskrit: स्मृति, Smrti, IPA: [smriti] ?) literally "that which is remembered," refers to a specific body of Hindu religious scripture, and is a codified component of Hindu customary law. Smriti also denotes non-Shruti texts and is generally seen as secondary in authority to Shruti.
Tantra Shastra
The word Tantra also applies to any of the scriptures (called "Tantras") commonly identified with the worship of Shakti. Tantra deals primarily with spiritual practices and ritual forms of worship, which aim at liberation from ignorance and rebirth, the universe being regarded as the divine play of Shakti and Shiva.
Sutra
In Hinduism sutra denotes a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. This literary form was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of scriptural and scientific study (Sanskrit: svādhyāya). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which commentaries (Sanskrit: bhāṣya) on the sutras were added, to clarify and explain them.
Itihasa
The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, also termed Itihāsa (History) or Mahākāvya ("Great Compositions"), refer to epic poems that form a canon of Hindu scripture. Indeed, the epic form prevailed and verse was and remained until very recently the preferred form of Hindu literary works. Hero-worship was and is a central aspect of Indian culture, and thus readily lent itself to a literary tradition that abounded in epic poetry and literature.
Gita
The Gītās (Song of God), also more simply known as Gita, is a sacred Hindu scriptures, though its philosophies and insights are intended to reach beyond the scope of religion and to humanity as a whole. It is at times referred to as the "manual for mankind" and has been highly praised
The Vedas are apaurusheya "not of human agency", are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"). The four Samhitās are metrical (with the exception of prose commentary interspersed in the Krishna Yajurveda). The term samhitā literally means "composition, compilation". The individual verses contained in these compilations are known as mantras. Some selected Vedic mantras are still recited at prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions in contemporary Hinduism.
UpVeda
The term upaveda ("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources. The Charanavyuha mentions four Upavedas: Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharva Veda, Stapatya Veda
Vedanga
The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda") are six auxiliary disciplines traditionally associated with the study and understanding of the Vedas. 1. Shiksha (śiksā): phonetics and phonology (sandhi), 2. Kalpa (kalpa): ritual, 3. Vyakarana (vyākarana): grammar, 4. Nirukta (nirukta): etymology, 5. Chandas (chandas): meter, 6. Jyotisha (jyotisa): astronomy for calendar issues, such as auspicious days for performing sacrifices. Traditionally, vyākarana and nirukta are common to all four Vedas, while each veda has its own śiksā, chandas, kalpa and jyotisa texts. The Vedangas are first mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad (at 1.1.5) as subjects for students of the Vedas. Later, they developed into independent disciplines, each with its own corpus of Sutras.
Samhita
Samhita (Sanskrit saṃhita "joined" or "collected") may refer to" the basic metrical (mantra) text of each of the Vedas, specifically, these texts with sandhi applied.
Aranyaka
The Aranyakas (Sanskrit āranyaka आरण्यक) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas; they were composed in late Vedic Sanskrit typical of the Brahmanas and early Upanishads; indeed, they frequently form part of either the Brahmanas or the Upanishads.
Brahmana
The Brāhmanas (Devanagari: ब्राह्मणम्) are part of the Hindu śruti literature. They are commentaries on the four Vedas, detailing the proper performance of rituals.
Upanishad (Vedanta Darshana)
The Upanishads are mostly the concluding part of the Brahmanas, and the transition from the latter to the former is identified as the Aranyakas. All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition.
Yoga Darshana
Yoga-darsana (the philosophy of Yoga) is based on the exposition of the epistemological, metaphysical, and methodological ideas of an age-long meditative tradition codified in the work of Patanjali and widely known as Yoga Sutras. As distinct from the Tantra and Hatha-Yoga traditions, Yoga-darsana is concerned primarily with acquisition and perpetuation of two states of mind referred to as "collocative" (sapaksa) with Yoga, namely, the state of the onepointed mind (ekāgratā) and the state of the inhibited mental functions (niruddha). The Yoga itself is being equated with samādhi.
Sankhya Darshana
Samkhya, also Sankhya, Sānkhya, or Sāmkhya (Sanskrit: सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya;) is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered as the founder of the Samkhya school, although no historical verification is possible. It is regarded as one of the oldest philosophical systems in India.
Mimamsa Darshana
Mīmāmsā (मीमांसा), a Sanskrit word meaning "investigation", is the name of an astika ("orthodox") school of Hindu philosophy whose primary enquiry is into the nature of dharma based on close hermeneutics of the Vedas. The nature of dharma isn't accessible to reason or observation, and must be inferred from the authority of the revelation contained in the Vedas, which are considered eternal, authorless (apaurusheyatva), and infallible.
Vyesheshika Darsana
Vaisheshika, or Vaiśesika, (Sanskrit:वैशॆषिक) is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy (orthodox Vedic systems) of India. Historically, it has been closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.
Nyaya Darshana
Nyāya (Sanskrit ni-āyá, literally "recursion", used in the sense of "syllogism, inference") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy—specifically the school of logic. The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama
Purana
The Puranas (Sanskrit: पुराण purāna, "of ancient times") are a genre of important Hindu, Jain or Buddhist religious texts, notably consisting of narratives of the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography.
Aagama Shastra
Agama (Sanskrit आगम) means, in the Hindu context, "a traditional doctrine, or system which commands faith". Elaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for worship, construction of temple, and so on.
Smriti
Smriti (Sanskrit: स्मृति, Smrti, IPA: [smriti] ?) literally "that which is remembered," refers to a specific body of Hindu religious scripture, and is a codified component of Hindu customary law. Smriti also denotes non-Shruti texts and is generally seen as secondary in authority to Shruti.
Tantra Shastra
The word Tantra also applies to any of the scriptures (called "Tantras") commonly identified with the worship of Shakti. Tantra deals primarily with spiritual practices and ritual forms of worship, which aim at liberation from ignorance and rebirth, the universe being regarded as the divine play of Shakti and Shiva.
Sutra
In Hinduism sutra denotes a distinct type of literary composition, based on short aphoristic statements, generally using various technical terms. This literary form was designed for concision, as the texts were intended to be memorized by students in some of the formal methods of scriptural and scientific study (Sanskrit: svādhyāya). Since each line is highly condensed, another literary form arose in which commentaries (Sanskrit: bhāṣya) on the sutras were added, to clarify and explain them.
Itihasa
The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, also termed Itihāsa (History) or Mahākāvya ("Great Compositions"), refer to epic poems that form a canon of Hindu scripture. Indeed, the epic form prevailed and verse was and remained until very recently the preferred form of Hindu literary works. Hero-worship was and is a central aspect of Indian culture, and thus readily lent itself to a literary tradition that abounded in epic poetry and literature.
Gita
The Gītās (Song of God), also more simply known as Gita, is a sacred Hindu scriptures, though its philosophies and insights are intended to reach beyond the scope of religion and to humanity as a whole. It is at times referred to as the "manual for mankind" and has been highly praised
हिन्दू धार्मिक ग्रन्थ विवरण
प्राचीन भारतीय धार्मिक साहित्य के मुख्य दो भाग हैं:
* श्रुति * स्मृति
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श्रुति :
श्रुति का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है - सुना हुआ । कुछ लोग श्रुति को गुरू-शिष्य परम्परा से जोड़कर देखते हैं क्योंकि शिष्य गुरू के सम्मुख बैठकर सीधे सुनता है। * श्रुतियां ही मुख्य धर्मग्रंथ मानी जातीं हैं। * श्रुतियां अन्य सभी धर्मग्रंथों से श्रेष्ठ मानी जाती हैं। * वेद प्रमुख रूप से श्रुतियों में गिने जाते हैं। कुछ लोग भागवत गीता को भी श्रुति ही मानते हैं। वेद: भारतीय दर्शन और धर्म के मुख्य ग्रंथ वेद हैं। वेद शब्द का अर्थ है - ज्ञान/जानना ; यह 'विद्' धातु से बना है, जिसका अर्थ है - जानना/जानने वाला (ज्ञाता) वेदों की कुल संख्या चार है: ॠग्वेद - यह प्राचीनतम वेद है, यजुर्वेद, सामवेद, अथर्ववेद वेदों को समझने के लिये उन्हें छह वेदांगों (वेदों के अंगों) में विभक्त किया गया है: * शिक्षा - सम्यक् उच्चारण का ज्ञान कराती है * छन्द * व्याकरण * निरुक्त * ज्योतिष * कल्प - कर्मकाण्ड से सम्बन्धित वेदों को एक भिन्न आधार पर निम्नलिखित दो भागों में बांटा जाता है: संहिता ब्राह्मण पुन: ब्राह्मण के दो प्रभाग किए जाते हैं: अरण्यक और उपनिषद । * संहिता या मंत्र * ब्राह्मण - इनमें सभी मंत्रों और कर्मकाण्ड के अर्थ की व्याख्या की गई है । -- अरण्यक - मंत्रो की व्याख्या -- उपनिषद - वेदों का अंतिम और उपसंहारात्मक भाग उपनिषद: उपनिषद वेदों के अत्यन्त दार्शनिक भाग हैं। चूंकि ये वेदों के अंतिम भाग हैं इसीलिए इन्हे वेदों का सार भी कहा जा सकता है। उपनिषद = उप + नि + षद ; जिसका अर्थ है पास बैठना । उपनिषदों को वेदान्त भी कहते हैं, जिसका अर्थ है वेदों का अंतिम भाग । दूसरा शब्द जो प्रयोग में आता है वह है - उत्तर मीमांसा, जिसका अर्थ है काल-क्रम में बाद की मीमांसा (इंक्वायरी) आज तक दो सौ से भी अधिक उपनिषद ज्ञात हैं। मुक्तिकोपनिषद में इनकी कुल संख्या 108 गिनाई गई है। सभी उपनिषद किसी न किसी वेद से सम्बद्ध हैं। इनमें से 10 ऋग्वेद से, 19 शुक्ल यजुर्वेद से, 32 कृष्ण यजुर्वेद से, 16 सामवेद से और 31 अथर्ववेद से सम्बद्ध हैं। 108 उपनिषदों में से प्रथम 10 को मुख्य उपनिषद कहा जाता है; 21 उपनिषदों को सामान्य वेदांत , 23 उपनिषदों को सन्यास, 9 को शाक्त, 13 को वैष्णव , 14 को शैव तथा 17 उपनिषदों को योग उपनिषद की संज्ञा दी गयी है। मुख्य उपनिषद निम्नलिखित हैं: 1. ईश - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद 2. केन - सामवेद 3. कथा - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद 4. प्रश्न - अथर्ववेद 5. मुण्डक - अथर्ववेद 6. मान्डूक्य - अथर्ववेद 7. तैत्रेय - कृष्ण यजुर्वेद 8. एत्रेय - ऋग्वेद 9. छान्दोग्य - सामवेद 10. वृहदारण्यक - शुक्ल यजुर्वेद |
स्मृति :
स्मृति का शाब्दिक अर्थ है - याद किया हुआ । स्मृतियाँ एक बहुत लम्बे समयान्तराल में संकलित की गईं हैं और भिन्न-भिन्न विषयों से संबंधित हैं। ॰ स्मृति का स्थान श्रुति से नीचे है, ॰ यदि श्रुति और स्मृति के बीच कोई विरोधाभास होता है तो श्रुति ही मान्य होगी। स्मृति के 6 मुख्य भाग हैं: ॰ धर्मशास्त्र, ॰ इतिहास, ॰ पुराण, ॰ सूत्र, ॰ आगम, ॰ दर्शन धर्मशास्त्र: - धर्मशास्त्रों में मनुष्य के कर्त्तव्यों को बताया गया है। अधिकांश धर्मशास्त्र वेदों की देन हैं। धर्मशास्त्रों को निम्नलिखित तीन मुख्य श्रेणियों में बाँटा जा सकता है - * आचार - कर्त्तव्य/अधिकार, * व्यवहार, * प्रायश्चित पिछली असंख्य सदियों में सहस्रों धर्मशास्त्र लिखे जा चुके हैं। कुछेक मुख्य धर्मशास्त्रों के नाम निम्नलिखित दिए गए हैं - * अपस्तम्भ का धर्मशास्त्र, * गौतम का धर्मशास्त्र * बौधयान का धर्मशास्त्र, * मनु स्मृति * याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति, * नारद स्मृति, * आदि. इतिहास : इतिहास ग्रंथों का संग्रह है। कई बार इतिहास पुराण के अंतर्गत आते हैं। इतिहास में मुख्यत: निम्नलिखित ग्रंथ शामिल हैं- * रामायण, * महाभारत, * योगवाशिष्ठ * हरिवंश, * आदि. पुराण : Purana literally means Ancient/Old. Main characteristics of Puranas are traditions and rituals. Puranas mainly deals with Triguna ( त्रिगुण ) - 'Three qualities': Satva ( सत्व ) - Truthfulness, Rajas (रजस) - Passion, and Tamas (तमस) - Darkness/Ignorance. पुराणों को निम्नलिखित चार श्रेणियों में विभक्त किया गया है- * महापुराण - प्रमुख पुराण., * उपपुराण - अन्य पुराण। * स्थलपुराण - विशिष्ट स्थलों से संबंधित पुराण। * कुलपुराण - वंशों से संबंधित पुराण। मुख्य पुराणों में कुछ के नाम निम्नलिखित दिए गए हैं- * श्रीमदभागवत पुराण, * विष्णु पुराण * देवी भागवत पुराण, * भविष्य पुराण * मत्स्य पुराण, * कर्म पुराण * ब्रह्म पुराण, * तथा अन्य। सूत्र - Sutra literally means Thread. Sutras are basically rules/law of the related topic (equivalent to Greek word 'Nomos'). मुख्य सूत्रों में से कुछ नाम निम्नलिखित दिए गए हैं- * Yoga Sutra ( योग सूत्र ) - Sutras of Yoga. * Nyaya Sutra ( न्याय सूत्र ) - Sutras of Justice. * Brahma Sutra ( ब्रह्म सूत्र ) - Sutras of Brahm. * Kama Sutra ( काम सूत्र ) - Sutras of Sensual Desire. * Vyakarana Sutra ( व्याकरण सूत्र ) - Sutras of Grammar. * Jyotish Sutra ( ज्योतिष सूत्र ) - Sutras of Astrology and Astronomy. * Sulva Sutra ( सल्व सूत्र ) - Sutras of Geometry. * etc. आगम - आगम अर्थात् आगमन. आगम मूलत: कर्मकाण्डों के नियम हैं। दर्शन - दर्शन अर्थात् देखना अथवा अवलोकन करना. दर्शन की प्रकृति मुख्यत: आध्यात्मिक है। दर्शन के अंतर्गत अनेक सूत्र आते हैं। |
